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Bare-metal or RTOS-based execution

Modular firmware with drivers, middleware, and application layers

Hardware abstraction layers (HAL) for portability

Interrupt-driven or polling-based event handling

Memory-mapped peripheral interaction

Direct memory access

Hardware registers control peripherals

ISR-driven event handling

RTOS scheduling and context switching

Peripheral abstraction through HAL

Bare-metal loop-driven architecture

Interrupt-driven reactive architecture

RTOS-based multi-tasking architecture

Layered HAL + driver + application

State machine-driven designs

Automotive ECU firmware

IoT sensor nodes

Industrial PLC controllers

Drone flight control software

Consumer electronics devices

Efficiency

Low-level hardware control

Deterministic behavior

Portability across microcontrollers

Maintainable modular code

Use modular drivers and HAL

Design interrupt priorities carefully

Avoid dynamic memory where possible

Segment firmware into tasks

Use RTOS or scheduling for multi-function expansion

Port compiler flags for target MCU

Adapt hardware-specific registers

Replace deprecated peripheral drivers

Verify timing and interrupts

Test thoroughly on target hardware